Abstract
Breast cancer continues to be the most frequently diagnosed malignancy among women, putting their life in jeopardy. Cancer immunotherapy is a novel approach with the ability to boost the host immune system to recognize and eradicate cancer cells with high selectivity. As a promising treatment, immunotherapy can not only eliminate the primary tumors, but also be proven to be effective in impeding metastasis and recurrence. However, the clinical application of cancer immunotherapy has faced some limitations including generating weak immune responses due to inadequate delivery of immunostimulants to the immune cells as well as uncontrolled modulation of immune system, which can give rise to autoimmunity and nonspecific inflammation. Growing evidence has suggested that nanotechnology may meet the needs of current cancer immunotherapy. Advanced biomaterials such as nanoparticles afford a unique opportunity to maximize the efficiency of immunotherapy and significantly diminish their toxic side-effects. Here we discuss recent advancements that have been made in nanoparticle-involving breast cancer immunotherapy, varying from direct activation of immune systems through the delivery of tumor antigens and adjuvants to immune cells to altering immunosuppression of tumor environment and combination with other conventional therapies.
Highlights
Breast cancer remains the most frequently diagnosed malignancy and leading cause of cancer-associated deaths among females worldwide [1, 2]
Despite great advancements in therapeutic strategies, ~ 30% of patients with primary breast cancer will progress to the metastatic stage of this disease [8], and the 5-year survival for Bahreyni et al J Nanobiotechnol (2020) 18:180 metastatic breast cancer is below 30% [9]
This review aims to summarize and discuss recent findings in nanotechnology-assisted cancer immunotherapy for breast cancer
Summary
Breast cancer remains the most frequently diagnosed malignancy and leading cause of cancer-associated deaths among females worldwide [1, 2]. Despite significant declines in mortality, the incidence of breast cancer has risen more than 30% in the last 25 years [3, 4]. Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease, exhibiting various molecular profiles with distinct clinical and biological characteristics [6]. Breast cancer is classified into 4 common groups: luminal A, luminal B, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. Luminal A and B are hormone (estragon and progesterone) receptor positive, while compared to laminal A, luminal B cancer has higher expression of the cell proliferation marker ki and is associated with poor prognosis. Estrogen antagonists like tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors are the most common drugs used for these two subgroups of breast cancer. For HER2-positive breast cancer, HER2 is overexpressed whereas both estragon and progesterone receptors are negative. It is urgent to explore alternative therapeutics to achieve better responses in different breast cancer subtypes
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