Abstract
In a recent report, the World Health Organisation (WHO) classified antibiotic resistance as one of the greatest threats to global health, food security, and development. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) remains at the core of this threat, with persistent and resilient strains detectable in up to 90% of S. aureus infections. Unfortunately, there is a lack of novel antibiotics reaching the clinic to address the significant morbidity and mortality that MRSA is responsible for. Recently, nanomedicine strategies have emerged as a promising therapy to combat the rise of MRSA. However, these approaches have been wide-ranging in design, with few attempts to compare studies across scientific and clinical disciplines. This review seeks to reconcile this discrepancy in the literature, with specific focus on the mechanisms of MRSA infection and how they can be exploited by bioactive molecules that are delivered by nanomedicines, in addition to utilisation of the nanomaterials themselves as antibacterial agents. Finally, we discuss targeting MRSA biofilms using nano-patterning technologies and comment on future opportunities and challenges for MRSA treatment using nanomedicine.
Highlights
In a recent report, the World Health Organisation (WHO) classified antibiotic resistance as one of the greatest threats to global health, food security, and development [1]
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a micro-organism that is synonymous with antibiotic resistance in the hospital and community setting
While this study demonstrated that siRNA could be spontaneously internalized into MRSA, it is unlikely that this reflects a viable method of treatment due to the poor serum stability and rapid clearance in the body of free nucleic acids
Summary
The World Health Organisation (WHO) classified antibiotic resistance as one of the greatest threats to global health, food security, and development [1]. Has resistance animals as a common cause of soft tissue infections and these strains can be diverse in terms of to penicillin- and cephalosporin-based antimicrobials by the acquisition of the mecA gene [19] This their phenotype, drug resistance patterns, and clinical outcomes [14,15,16,17,18].PBP2a, MRSAfor haswhich developed results in the expression of an altered penicillin-binding protein subtype these resistance to penicillinand cephalosporin-based antimicrobials by the acquisition of the mecA gene [19]. Presence elsewhere in our environment, numerous bacterial subtypes, and abundancea decrease of drug in rates of mechanisms nosocomial MRSA infections has been observed [25], its widespread elsewhere in resistance remain a significant cause for concern. Of nano-patterning technologies and surface modification to prevent MRSA biofilm formation and comment on future opportunities and challenges for MRSA treatment using nanomedicine
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