Abstract
BackgroundAvian tuberculosis is a chronic and zoonotic disease that affects a wide variety of birds, mammals, and humans. This study aimed to estimate the frequency of Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium in some domestic birds based on molecular diagnosis, antibiogram profile, and PCR-based detection of inhA, rpoB, rpsL, and otrB antibiotic resistance-related genes.MethodsA total of 120 fecal samples were collected from small flocks of house-reared domestic birds at Ismailia Governorate, Egypt. The collected samples were processed and subjected to the bacteriological examination. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the recovered isolates was performed using the broth microdilution method for the detection of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). The genetic detection of the IS901confirmatory gene, inhA, rpoB, rpsL, and otrB genes was carried out using PCR.ResultsThe frequency of M. avium subsp. avium was 4.1% (5/120); 10% (4/40) in ducks, and 2.5% (1/10) in geese. The identification of the recovered isolates was confirmed using PCR, where all the tested isolates were positive for IS901confirmatory gene. The results of the broth microdilution method revealed that most of the recovered isolates exhibited multidrug resistance (MDR) to isoniazid, rifampicin, streptomycin, oxytetracycline, and doxycycline, and harbored the inhA, rpoB, rpsL, and otrB genes.ConclusionIn brief, to the best of our knowledge this is the first report that emphasized the emergence of avian tuberculosis in house-reared domestic birds in Egypt. The emergence of MDR- M. avium subsp. avium is considered a public health threat. Emerging MDR-M. avium subsp. avium in domestic birds are commonly harbored the IS901, inhA, rpoB, rpsL, and otrB genes. Azithromycin and clofazimine revealed a promising in-vitro antibacterial activity against M. avium subsp. avium.
Highlights
Avian tuberculosis is a chronic and zoonotic disease that affects a wide variety of birds, mammals, and humans
This study aimed to estimate the frequency of Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium in some domestic birds based on molecular diagnosis, antibiogram profile, and PCR-based detection of inhA, rpoB, rpsL, and otrB antibiotic resistance-related genes
Regarding the phenotypic characteristics of M. avium subsp. avium, our findings proved no diversity in both morphological and biochemical characteristics among the recovered isolates and revealed a remarkable harmony between different retrieved isolates from duck and geese origins
Summary
Avian tuberculosis is a chronic and zoonotic disease that affects a wide variety of birds, mammals, and humans. This study aimed to estimate the frequency of Mycobacterium avium subsp. Avium in some domestic birds based on molecular diagnosis, antibiogram profile, and PCR-based detection of inhA, rpoB, rpsL, and otrB antibiotic resistance-related genes. Avian tuberculosis is a chronic, debilitating disease that affects a wide variety of birds including wild and domestic birds [1]. The disease is caused mainly by Mycobacterium avium subsp. Mycobacteria are opportunistic, intracellular pathogens that could withstand inside the macrophages and resist the host immune mechanism [3]. Avium could resist most disinfectants, survive and multiply during adverse environmental conditions such as extreme temperature, low oxygen, and low pH [4] The bacilli of M. avium subsp. avium could resist most disinfectants, survive and multiply during adverse environmental conditions such as extreme temperature, low oxygen, and low pH [4]
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