Emerging Architectural Paradigms in South Indian Temples: A Chronological Analysis

Abstract

This research delves into the intricate evolution of Indian temple architecture, spanning centuries of cultural and religious transformations. Originating in the Vedic/Aryan civilization, worship centered on natural elements with a simple square altar. A pivotal shift occurred with the introduction of idol worship, marking the genesis of temple architecture evolution. Initially, rock-cut structures featured a garbagriha and semi-open portico, retaining the windowless garbagriha from rock-cut temples. The Chalukya era saw experimentation, notably at Durga in Aihole and Pattadakal, earning the latter the title "Cradle of temple architecture" due to Nagara and Dravida style exploration. Pallavas contributed to the Dravidian vimana prototype, as seen in Mahabalipuram's monolithic rathas. Cholas refined the vimana, erecting the Brihadeshwara temple in Tanjore with a mortar-less construction. Pandyas added Gopurams, reflecting emotional ties. Hoysalas introduced star temples with intricate carvings, featuring single to multiple garbagrihas in various styles. The Vijayanagara era introduced Amman temples and Kalyana mantapas. Nayakas refined Dravidian architecture with concentric prakaras and tall gopurams. In the 20th century, transformative shifts like the Isha Center in Coimbatore embody inclusivity, challenging traditions, and fostering diverse spiritual environments. Key Words: Indian temple architecture, Cultural transformations, religious evolution, vedic/Aryan civilization, rock-cut structures.