Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the potentially lethal disease that is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Patients with COVID-19 have an increased risk of thrombosis, but the role of thrombosis in the pathogenesis and progression of severe COVID-19 remains unclear. A better understanding of the contribution of thrombosis to the development and progression of COVID-19 could lead to the development of novel COVID-19 treatments. For this reason, established and emerging histological techniques have recently been used to analyze COVID-19 lungs quantitatively and visually and in two and three dimensions. The gold standard and novel state-of the-art histological techniques that have been used to assess thrombosis in COVID-19 lungs are described in this Mini Review.
Highlights
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the highly contagious and potentially debilitating disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is associated with increased levels of pulmonary thrombosis [1,2,3]
A combination of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, immunostaining, and electron microscopy were used by Falasca et al [42] and Carsana et al [43], to show pulmonary microthrombi, fibrin deposition, and hemorrhage in COVID-19 patients at postmortem
A combination of H&E staining, immunostaining, and electron microscopy were used by Falasca et al [42] and Carsana et al [43] in COVID-19 patients at postmortem, to show pulmonary hyaline membranes, inflammatory cell infiltration, diffuse alveolar damage, and vasculitis
Summary
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the highly contagious and potentially debilitating disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is associated with increased levels of pulmonary thrombosis [1,2,3]. A major limitation of Remdesivir is its requirement for intra-venous delivery Another example, Dexamethasone, reduces mortality in persons with severe COVID-19 (RECOVERY trial) [10], but corticosteroid treatment in patients with SARS-CoV, MERS, and influenza can result in increased mortality, incidence of secondary infections, and impaired viral clearance. Dexamethasone, reduces mortality in persons with severe COVID-19 (RECOVERY trial) [10], but corticosteroid treatment in patients with SARS-CoV, MERS, and influenza can result in increased mortality, incidence of secondary infections, and impaired viral clearance Convalescent plasma is another treatment granted emergency use authorization by the FDA for hospitalized COVID-19 patients, but a mortality benefit of this treatment has not yet been shown [11]. We searched PubMed and Google Scholar for articles that included the following terms: “coagulation or thrombosis or thrombus” and “COVID19 or COVID19” and “histological or histology” and “lung or pulmonary”
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