Emergent Behaviors of Cucker–Smale Flocks on Riemannian Manifolds

Abstract

In this article, we present a new Cucker-Smale model on smooth Riemannian manifolds using the concepts of covariant derivative and parallel transport, and we also study its emergent dynamics under an a priori assumption on the energy functional. For Euclidean space, our proposed model coincides with the original Cucker-Smale model. As concrete examples, we consider three Riemannian manifolds: the unit 2-sphere, the unit circle, and the Poincaré half-plane, and provide explicit reductions from the proposed general model to aforementioned manifolds via explicit formulas for the covariant derivative and parallel transport.