Emergence of synchronous behaviors for the Schrödinger–Lohe model with frustration

Abstract

We introduce the Schrödinger–Lohe model (S–L) with interaction frustration which is a toy model for quantum synchronization, and study its emergent collective dynamics. Our proposed model might not capture quantum entanglement which is one of genuine quantum phenomenon as it is, however it exhibits collective synchronous behaviors and can be reduced to the Kuramoto model with frustration in the case of spatial homogeneity and unit mass. For the emergent dynamics of the model, we present two sufficient frameworks leading to the complete and practical synchronizations for identical and non-identical oscillators, respectively, in terms of frustration function, system parameters and initial data. When the frustration functions admit real diagonal perturbations, complete synchronization emerges for identical ensemble with some class of initial data, in contrast, for non-identical ensemble, we can expect practical synchronization in which the diameter for wave functions can be controlled by tuning the coupling strength. For purely imaginary valued frustrations, we analytically show that complete or practical synchronization cannot occur for generic initial data. This illustrates that the S–L model exhibits some interesting dynamic patterns different from the Kuramoto synchronization. We provide several numerical examples which manifest periodic behaviors, reminiscent of the Kuramoto model with cosine coupling.