Emergence of multi-drug resistance in fungal pathogens: a potential threat to fungicide performance in agriculture.

Abstract

Abstract In this chapter, the involvement of ATP binding cassette (ABC) and major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters in the export of toxic compounds and their involvement in multi-drug resistance (MDR) in different fungal plant pathogens are discussed. However, as MDR is best documented for B. cinerea, this chapter focuses mainly on this important pathogen. Recent developments to higher constitutive transporter expression levels, the combined overexpression of several efflux transporters, reduced fungicide performance under field conditions and the combination of MDR mechanisms with single fungicide resistances (target site resistance) suggest that MDR of plant pathogenic fungi could become a potential threat for fungicide performance under field conditions.