Abstract
Extended spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-PE) represent a significant public health concern globally and are recognized by the World Health Organization as pathogens of critical priority. However, the prevalence of ESBL-PE in food animals and humans across the farm-to-plate continuum is yet to be elucidated in Sub-Saharan countries including Cameroon and South Africa. This work sought to determine the risk factors, carriage, antimicrobial resistance profiles and genetic relatedness of extended spectrum β-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-PE) amid pigs and abattoir workers in Cameroon and South Africa. ESBL-PE from pooled samples of 432 pigs and nasal and hand swabs of 82 humans were confirmed with VITEK 2 system. Genomic fingerprinting was performed by ERIC-PCR. Logistic regression (univariate and multivariate) analyses were carried out to identify risk factors for human ESBL-PE carriage using a questionnaire survey amongst abattoir workers. ESBL-PE prevalence in animal samples from Cameroon were higher than for South Africa and ESBL-PE carriage was observed in Cameroonian workers only. Nasal ESBL-PE colonization was statistically significantly associated with hand ESBL-PE (21.95% vs. 91.67%; p = 0.000; OR = 39.11; 95% CI 2.02–755.72; p = 0.015). Low level of education, lesser monthly income, previous hospitalization, recent antibiotic use, inadequate handwashing, lack of training and contact with poultry were the risk factors identified. The study highlights the threat posed by ESBL-PE in the food chain and recommends the implementation of effective strategies for antibiotic resistance containment in both countries.
Highlights
Enterobacteriaceae are rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria, fermenting glucose, usually motile and facultative anaerobes, with the majority of genera being natural residents of gastrointestinal tract of animals, humans and some of them can be found in the environment [1,2]
114 people were contacted in the five selected slaughterhouses and 83 (73%) workers agreed to participate in the study, with the response rate being higher in Cameroon (71%) than in South
This study investigated the carriage, risk factors, antibiotic resistance profiles and genetic relatedness of ESBL-PE isolated from apparently healthy pigs and occupationally exposed workers in Cameroon and
Summary
Enterobacteriaceae are rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria, fermenting glucose, usually motile and facultative anaerobes, with the majority of genera being natural residents of gastrointestinal tract of animals, humans and some of them can be found in the environment [1,2]. The extensive use of third and fourth generation cephalosporins in human and animal health, has led to the emergence of extended spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-PE). Several studies have detected ESBL-PE in food animals, especially pigs, poultry and cattle and food products throughout the world and their transmission from livestock to humans in the farm-to-plate continuum has been evidenced [4,5]. The prevalence of ESBL-PE in food animals and humans across the farm-to-plate continuum is yet to be elucidated in Sub-Saharan countries including. It is imperative to understand the epidemiology and determine the burden of ESBL-PE in food animals in order to highlight the threat posed by these resistant bacteria and provide evidence for decision-makers to implement effective prevention and containment measures of antibiotic resistance (ABR) in Cameroon and South Africa. The objectives of this study were to assess and compare the colonization, antibiotic resistance profiles and genetic relatedness of ESBL-PE among pigs and exposed workers and delineate risk factors of ESBL-PE carriage in humans in these countries
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