Embryonic thermal manipulation impacts the postnatal transcriptome response of heat-challenged Japanese quails

Anaïs Vitorino Carvalho,Nathalie Couroussé,Christelle Hennequet-Antier,Sabine Crochet,Vincent Coustham,Aurélien Brionne,Anne Collin,Justine Jimenez

doi:10.1186/s12864-021-07832-7

Abstract

BackgroundThe thermal-manipulation (TM) during egg incubation is a cyclic exposure to hot or cold temperatures during embryogenesis that is associated to long-lasting effects on growth performance, physiology, metabolism and temperature tolerance in birds. An increase of the incubation temperature of Japanese quail eggs affected the embryonic and post-hatch survival, growth, surface temperatures and blood characteristics potentially related to thermoregulation capacities. To gain new insights in the molecular basis of TM in quails, we investigated by RNA-seq the hypothalamus transcriptome of 35 days-old male and female quails that were treated by TM or not (C, control) during embryogenesis and that were exposed (HC) or not (RT) to a 36 °C heat challenge for 7 h before sampling.ResultsFor males, 76, 27, 47 and 0 genes were differentially expressed in the CHC vs. CRT, CRT vs. TMRT, TMHC vs. TMRT and CHC vs. TMHC comparisons, respectively. For females, 17, 0, 342 and 1 genes were differentially expressed within the same respective comparisons. Inter-individual variability of gene expression response was observed particularly when comparing RT and HC female animals. The differential expression of several genes was corroborated by RT-qPCR analysis. Gene Ontology functional analysis of the differentially expressed genes showed a prevalent enrichment of terms related to cellular responses to stimuli and gene expression regulation in both sexes. Gene Ontology terms related to the membrane transport, the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial functions as well as DNA metabolism and repair were also identified in specific comparisons and sexes.ConclusionsTM had little to no effect on the regulation of gene expression in the hypothalamus of 35 days-old Japanese quails. However, the consequences of TM on gene expression were revealed by the HC, with sex-specific and common functions altered. The effects of the HC on gene expression were most prominent in TM females with a ~ 20-fold increase of the number of differentially expressed genes, suggesting that TM may enhance the gene response during challenging conditions in female quail hypothalamus. TM may also promote new cellular strategies in females to help coping to the adverse conditions as illustrated by the identification of differentially expressed genes related to the mitochondrial and heat-response functions.

Highlights

The thermal-manipulation (TM) during egg incubation is a cyclic exposure to hot or cold temperatures during embryogenesis that is associated to long-lasting effects on growth performance, physiology, metabolism and temperature tolerance in birds
Identification of hypothalamic differentially expressed genes by Ribonucleic acid (RNA)-seq resulting from the embryonic and Day 35 (D35) treatments The RNA-sequencing of the 48 hypothalamic samples obtained from the four experimental conditions (i.e. C followed by a RT treatment (CRT), C followed by a HC treatment (CHC), TM followed by a RT treatment (TMRT) and TM followed by a HC treatment (TMHC); Fig. 1) in both sexes generated in average 30.7 +/- 7 million reads per sample (Additional file 1)
76, 27 and 47 genes were determined as differentially expressed genes (DEG) in CHC vs. CRT, CRT vs. TMRT and TMHC vs. TMRT comparisons respectively

Summary

Introduction

The thermal-manipulation (TM) during egg incubation is a cyclic exposure to hot or cold temperatures during embryogenesis that is associated to long-lasting effects on growth performance, physiology, metabolism and temperature tolerance in birds. TM in chickens was generally associated with longlasting effects on the growth performance (weight gain, muscle yield, etc.), the physiology (thyroid axis function, acid-base balance, respiratory process, etc.) and the metabolism (glucose metabolism, regulation of mitochondrial function, etc.) [1]. TM corresponding to a cyclic increase of egg incubation temperature was shown to improve the heat tolerance of male broilers exposed to a heat challenge at slaughter age [10], opening promising avenues to allow chickens better coping with high temperatures in a context of global warming. Knowledge on the mechanisms underlying TM remains scarce, and have yet to be explored in other avian species to uncover core molecular mechanisms that may be relevant for many bird species and beyond

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