Embryology, anatomy and physiology of the liver: Review

Abstract

The liver, located within the peritoneal cavity, is in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. Additionally, it should be noted that the liver holds the distinction of being the largest gland within the human body, as well as the most extensive visceral tissue situated within the abdominal cavity. One of the factors contributing to the early migration of the developing intestines to an extracoelomic location during fetal development is their relatively bigger size in children, weighing between 1400 and 1800 g in adults. It contributes to the development of a distended abdomen in pediatric populations. The liver is situated in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen and spans across the midline to the left upper quadrant. The heart remains susceptible to regular injuries despite the protective presence of ribs and cartilage. The liver, functioning as an accessory organ in digestion, undertakes several metabolic processes, including drug metabolism, bile production, and bilirubin synthesis, alongside numerous other functions. For a considerable period, medical professionals and anatomists have encountered challenges in comprehending the complex functions of the liver. Significant advancements in the comprehension of liver anatomy have contributed significantly to the notable progress observed in various surgical and interventional radiologic procedures involving hepatic artery infusion pumps, liver ablation, transplantation, transarterial chemoembolization, selective internal radiation therapy, and portal vein embolization. The existence of hepatic structure is crucial for developing and implementing gradual therapies. This page aims to provide an academic overview of the embryology, anatomy, and function of the liver.