Embryological consideration of drainage of the left testicular vein into the ipsilateral renal vein: analysis of cases of a double inferior vena cava.

Abstract

The right gonadal vein (GV=testicular vein in men, ovarian vein in women) usually drains into the inferior vena cava (IVC) while the left gonadal vein drains into the left renal vein (RV). This anatomical difference induces relatively weak haemodynamics in the left testicular vein (TV) and is considered to be a cause of a left varicocele. In textbooks on embryology, it has been documented that bilateral supracardinal veins (=origin of right and left IVC) and the subcardinal sinus (=origin of RVs and GVs) symmetrically develop during early embryogenesis. However, persistence and regression of the right and left supracardinal veins, respectively, results in drainage of the left GV into the ipsilateral RV. A double IVC (DIVC) commonly originates from a failure of disappearance of the left supracardinal vein. Although there have been a considerable number of case reports on DIVC, little attention has been paid to the anatomy of the left GV in such cases. We report here an autopsy case, a 72-year-old Japanese man, with a DIVC. This case belongs to type BC of McClure and Butler's classification. In this case, it was observed that the right TV drained into the confluence of the right IVC with the ipsilateral RV, while the left TV drained into the left RV in spite of the presence of the left IVC. This case indicates that the embryonic anastomosis point between the subcardinal sinus and the supracardinal vein on the left side is different from that on the right side. Statistical analysis of many case reports of DIVC also suggests that the bilateral supracardinal veins tend to asymmetrically anastomose with the subcardinal sinus during embryogenesis. These data imply that drainage of the left GV into the ipsilateral RV leads to regression of the left supracardinal vein but also to asymmetrical anastomosis between the supracardinal veins and the subcardinal sinus.