Embodied energy and carbon of building insulating materials: A critical review

Abstract

An extensive and updated review of 223 values about the embodied energy and carbon of building insulation materials, mainly retrieved from 156 Environmental Product Declarations, is proposed with attention to innovative and emerging insulation materials. Comparative analyses were carried out thanks to the adoption of the same functional unit (1 m 2 with a thermal resistance of 1m 2 K/W and a design life span of 50 years) to assess the consistence of reference values and the main sources of variability. The comparison suffers from many uncertainties and variance decomposition was employed to verify the main drivers of variability in the dataset elaborated. Data about traditional insulation materials show the lowest ranges of variation when reported per functional unit while the definition of reference values for innovative and unconventional insulation materials was quite difficult due to the low values found and their high variance. Traditional inorganic insulation materials exhibit competitive embodied impacts (glass wool: 16–31 MJ/FU and 0.6–1.2 kg CO 2 eq/FU; stone wool: 21–66 MJ/FU and 1.4–4.2 kg CO 2 eq/FU) if compared with fossil fuel derived (EPS: 44–78 MJ/FU and 1.9–3.5 kg CO 2 eq/FU) or many emerging super-insulating solutions (aerogel: 251–372 MJ/FU and 11.6–18.7 kg CO 2 eq/FU). Density is an important variability carrier for glass wool, stone wool, and EPS. • We got 223 values of PER, PENR, GWP of building insulation panels from 156 EPDs • The values were compared considering the same functional unit (1 m 2 with R = 1m 2 K/W). • Wide ranges of variation were obtained for some insulation materials. • The values of unconventional insulation materials show the highest uncertainty. • Density is a significant variability carrier for EPS, stone wool and glass wool.