Abstract

Civil infrastructure systems such as bridges, buildings, dams, pipelines, airports, and heritage structures are complex engineered systems that play a fundamental role for the economic and industrial prosperity of society [1]. In order to build structures that are safe for the community, standardized design methodologies have been developed [1]. However, these structures are often subjected to various external loads and problematic environmental conditions that are difficult to consider during the design phase, resulting in structural deterioration [2].

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