Abstract
Political and social economists and humanitarians within the past third of a century have spent much time, thought and effort upon the best and most effective means of punishing crime and reforming the vicious and criminal classes of societv. The tendency of the present age is to abandon in a great measure the cruel, retaliatory and vindictive punishments for criminal offenses. As we have advanced in morals and a higher civilization the disposition to punish criminals by demanding a penalty in kind, an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth, has undergone a marked change, not that crime is more tolerated, or criminals more readily forgiven, but because we have more enlightened and intelligent views of the causes of crime and the antecedents, surroundings and conditions which affect the lives and form the characters of the guilty. We have now a clearer perception of the responsibility of the
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