Elucidating galaxy population properties using a model-free analysis of quadruply imaged quasar lenses from large surveys

Abstract

ABSTRACT The population of strong lensing galaxies is a subset of intermediate-redshift massive galaxies, whose population-level properties are not yet well understood. In the near future, thousands of multiply imaged systems are expected to be discovered by wide-field surveys like Rubin Observatory’s Legacy Survey of Space and Time and Euclid. With the soon-to-be robust population of quadruply lensed quasars, or quads, in mind, we introduce a novel technique to elucidate the empirical distribution of the galaxy population properties. Our re-imagining of the prevailing strong lensing analysis does not fit mass models to individual lenses, but instead starts with parametric models of many galaxy populations, which include generally ignored mass distribution complexities and exclude external shear for now. We construct many mock galaxy populations with different properties and obtain populations of quads from each of them. The mock ‘observed’ population of quads is then compared to those from the mocks using a model-free analysis based on a three-dimensional subspace of directly observable quad image properties. The distance between two quad populations in the space of image properties is measured by a metric $\eta$, and the distance between their parent galaxy populations in the space of galaxy properties is measured by $\zeta$. We find a well-defined relation between $\eta$ and $\zeta$. The discovered relation between the space of image properties and the space of galaxy properties allows for the observed galaxy population properties to be estimated from the properties of their quads, which will be conducted in a future paper.