Elliptic flow in heavy-ion collisions at intermediate energy: The role of impact parameter, mean field potential, and collision term

Abstract

Within the ultrarelativistic quantum molecular dynamics (UrQMD) model, by reversely tracing nucleons that are finally emitted at mid-rapidity (|y0| < 0.1) in the entire reaction process, the time evolution of elliptic flow (v2) of these traced nucleons is studied in Au+Au collisions at beam energy of 0.4 GeV/nucleon with different impact parameters. The initial value of v2 is positive and increases with impact parameter, it then decreases as time passes and tends to saturate at a negative value. It is found that nucleon-nucleon collisions always suppress the value of v2 (enhance the out-of-plane emission), while the nuclear mean field potential effect is more complex, which depends on both impact parameter and reaction time. The most relevant density probed by v2 of nucleons at mid-rapidity is found to be ∼ 60% of the maximum density reached during the collisions.