Abstract
Heegner points play an outstanding role in the study of the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture, providing canonical Mordell–Weil generators whose heights encode first derivatives of the associated Hasse–Weil L-series. Yet the fruitful connection between Heegner points and L-series also accounts for their main limitation, namely that they are torsion in (analytic) rank \(>1\). This partly expository article discusses the generalised Kato classes introduced in Bertolini et al. (J Algebr Geom 24:569–604, 2015) and Darmon and Rotger (J AMS 2016), stressing their analogy with Heegner points but explaining why they are expected to give non-trivial, canonical elements of the idoneous Selmer group in settings where the classical L-function (of Hasse–Weil–Artin type) that governs their behaviour has a double zero at the centre. The generalised Kato class denoted \(\kappa (f,g,h)\) is associated to a triple (f, g, h) consisting of an eigenform f of weight two and classical p-stabilised eigenforms g and h of weight one, corresponding to odd two-dimensional Artin representations \(V_g\) and \(V_h\) of \(\mathrm {Gal\,}(H/\mathbb {Q})\) with p-adic coefficients for a suitable number field H. This class is germane to the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture over H for the modular abelian variety E over \(\mathbb {Q}\) attached to f. One of the main results of Bertolini et al. (2015) and Darmon and Rotger (J AMS 2016) is that \(\kappa (f,g,h)\) lies in the pro-p Selmer group of E over H precisely when \(L(E,V_{gh},1)=0\), where \(L(E,V_{gh},s)\) is the L-function of E twisted by \(V_{gh}:= V_g\otimes V_h\). In the setting of interest, parity considerations imply that \(L(E,V_{gh},s)\) vanishes to even order at \(s=1\), and the Selmer class \(\kappa (f,g,h)\) is expected to be trivial when \({\mathrm {ord}}_{s=1}L(E,V_{gh},s) >2\). The main new contribution of this article is a conjecture expressing \(\kappa (f,g,h)\) as a canonical point in \((E(H)\otimes V_{gh})^{G_\mathbb {Q}}\) when \({\mathrm {ord}}_{s=1} L(E,V_{gh},s)=2\). This conjecture strengthens and refines the main conjecture of Darmon et al. (Forum Math Pi 3:e8, 2015) and supplies a framework for understanding the results of Darmon et al. (2015), Bertolini et al. (2015) and Darmon and Rotger (J AMS 2016).
Highlights
By way of background and motivation, this section explains how much of the progress achieved on the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture, including the results of [11,15] and [19], can be viewed as part of the larger programme of understanding the modularity of p-adic Galois representations
One of the most celebrated modularity results is the statement that all elliptic curves over Q arise as quotients of suitable modular curves: more precisely, that an elliptic curve E over Q of conductor N is equipped with a surjective parameterisation πE : X0(N ) −→ E, (1)
In the Beilinson–Flach setting, it can be assumed without loss of generality that g is a weight one cusp form with nebentypus character χ and Galois representation Vg = V1 ⊗L Qp, and that h := E1(1, χ −1) is the weight one Eisenstein series attached to the pair (1, χ −1) of Dirichlet characters
Summary
Assume on that L(E, Vgh, 1) = 0, so that (1) the L-series L(E, Vgh, s) has a zero of even order ≥ 2 at s = 1; (2) the generalised Kato classes of (14) belong to the Selmer group attached to E and. The generalised Kato class κ(f, gα, hα) belongs to (E(H ) ⊗ Vgh)GQ and satisfies the relation ωgα ωhα ⊗ κ(f, gα, hα) ∼L Regαα(E, Vgh) in D(Vgαhα) ⊗ (E(H ) ⊗ Vgh)GQ , where ∼L denotes an equality up to scaling by a factor in L which is nonzero for a suitable choice of π in (16).
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