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Abstract
Polyphenolic compounds from pomegranate fruit extracts (PFEs) have been reported to possess antiproliferative, pro-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory and anti-invasion effects in prostate and other cancers. However, the mechanisms responsible for the inhibition of cancer invasion remain to be clarified. In the present study, we investigated anti-invasive effects of ellagic acid (EA) in androgen-independent human (PC-3) and rat (PLS10) prostate cancer cell lines in vitro. The results indicated that non-toxic concentrations of EA significantly inhibited the motility and invasion of cells examined in migration and invasion assays. The EA treatment slightly decreased secretion of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 but not MMP-9 from both cell lines. We further found that EA significantly reduced proteolytic activity of collagenase/gelatinase secreted from the PLS-10 cell line. Collagenase IV activity was also concentration-dependently inhibited by EA. These results demonstrated that EA has an ability to inhibit invasive potential of prostate cancer cells through action on protease activity.
Highlights
Prostate cancer is the most common male malignant tumor in the Western countries (Gronberg, 2003)
The results indicated that non-toxic concentrations of ellagic acid (EA) significantly inhibited the motility and invasion of cells examined in migration and invasion assays
Metastasis is a complex cascade, accompanied by various physiological alterations involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, which allows cancer cells to invade blood or lymphatic system spreading to another tissue or organ
Summary
Prostate cancer is the most common male malignant tumor in the Western countries (Gronberg, 2003). The effect of hormonal therapy is temporary, and most tumors become androgen refractory, which obstacle in the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer. The prevention of tumor metastasis is one of the goals for cancer patients, and cytotoxic agents have been applied in tumor metastasis therapies. Such therapy has many serious side effects that could diminish the quality of life in cancer patients (Braun-Falco et al, 2006). Many efforts have been made to reduce the spread of malignant tumors; focused on cell invasion using substances in dietary and medicinal plants, because non- or low-cytotoxic agents are required for tumor metastasis therapy (Yodkeeree et al, 2008; Lin et al, 2009; Pitchakarn et al, 2010)
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