Eliciting Clear-Cut Initial-Hunger at Proper Time

Mario Ciampolini

doi:10.4172/2161-1017.1000102

Abstract

Bringing up children to scheduled meals promotes current extent of overweight and insulin resistance. The spontaneous arousal of hunger sensations at low blood glucose concentration is different from scheduled arousal. Memorization of spontaneous arousals and reports of their identity in later occasions may be confirmed by biochemical, physiological and physical measurements stating the identity of metabolic conditions. This review reports this distinction and the identification by training of initial hunger (IH). Validated IH includes epigastric sensations (the most frequent and recognizable) and mental and physical sensations. A meal pattern solicited by validated IH may be maintained for months and years up to old age. This pattern reduces energy intake by a third, and decreases mean weekly preprandial BG, glycated Hb, insulin resistance and body weight in those who are insulin resistant or overweight.

Highlights

The adverse effects of obesity are well known and include cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and hypertension as well as gall bladder disease, osteoarthritis, endocrine disorders, sleep apnea, social exclusion, depression and increase in all causes mortality [1,2]
We summarize here findings and observations to improve energy balance and health, by approaching the following aspects: 1. What is initial hunger (IH)?
18 infants showed low mean blood glucose (BG) and 55 infants showed high mean BG at recruitment. This cutoff in infants is quite similar to the cutoff (81.8 mg/dL) that we found in adults in the present report and to the cutoff found in prevention of non-insulin dependent diabetes in Israeli recruits [28]

Summary

Introduction

The adverse effects of obesity are well known and include cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and hypertension as well as gall bladder disease, osteoarthritis, endocrine disorders, sleep apnea, social exclusion, depression and increase in all causes mortality [1,2]. The final hour(s) in the interval between meals are mainly covered by influx of fatty acids from adipocytes and amino-acids from muscles [16] This complex function is activated by insufficient energy availability in blood, and corresponds to hunger sensation. Control subjects described hunger as tenuous, continuous state of hollow stomach rather than intermittent sensations of waives bursts like physiological studies suggest. Their statements reflected a lack of any kind of habit to self observation and in comparing present sensation to past experiences. After 42 measurements at hunger arousal, the error of BG estimation, the difference from BG measurement, was significantly lower in trained than control, untrained subjects (Figure 1) [22]. Subjects chose the appropriate sensation of hunger with the associated BG the first day, and verified identity of sensation and BG

Control Hungry Trained Hungry

Control Baseline

Subject Number

Findings

Conclusion