Abstract
Nanoemulsion was formulated from membrane lipids of Trichoderma spp. with the non-ionic surfactant Tween 80 by the ultrasonic emulsification method. Nanoemulsion with a droplet diameter of 5 to 51 nm was obtained. The possible effects of membrane lipid nanoemulsion on pearl millet (PM) seed growth parameters and elicitation of downy mildew (DM) disease resistance in PM was analyzed to develop an eco-friendly disease management strategy. Seed priming with nanoemulsion illustrates significant protection and elevated levels of early defense gene expression. Lipid profiling of Trichoderma spp. reveals the presence of oleic acid as a major fatty acid molecule. The prominent molecule in the purified lipid fraction of T. brevicompactum (UP-91) responsible for the elicitation of induction of systemic resistance in PM host against DM pathogen was predicted as (E)-N-(1, 3-dihydroxyoctadec-4-en-2yl) acetamide. The results suggest that protection offered by the novel nanoemulsion formulation is systemic in nature and durable and offers a newer sustainable approach to manage biotrophic oomycetous pathogen.
Highlights
Millets are referred to as “food medicine”
The HH-correlation spectroscopy enabled the connectivity of the long-chain base protons to be traced between C1 and C17. 1H-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
Our results suggest that the nanoemulsion containing 5% (w/w) of crude membrane lipid of Trichoderma spp., 5% (w/w) of polysorbate 80 (w/w) and 90% (w/w) of water can be considered a promising biocontrol formulation for the control of oomycetes pathogen S. graminicola of Pearl millet (PM)
Summary
Millet is a source of antioxidants, such as phenolic acids and glycated flavonoids. Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br. Syn. Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke) (PM) is the sixth most important cereal crop grown in the semi-arid and arid regions of the world [2]. In India, the crop is cultivated in a seven million ha area with a production of 9.25 million tons [2]. Pearl millet (PM) is the durable cereal and chief food source for people in drought-prone areas of Africa and India [3,4]. Pearl millet (PM) crop production is severely hampered by several biotic stresses. Downy mildew (DM) diseases caused by the oomycete obligate pathogen, Sclerospora graminicola (Sacc.) Schroet., is one of the major biotic constraints. DM accounts for a yield loss of PM of up to 20% to 40%
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