Eliana Gil Toni Cavanagh Johnson Sexualized Children: Assessment and Treatment of Sexualized Children and Children Who Molest 1993 Launch Press Rockville, MD 326 pp. $35.000 Hardcover; $21.90 Softcover

Abstract

There is growing awareness internationally around the prevalence and dangerousness of non-fatal strangulation (NFS). The aim of this study was to: (i) identify the prevalence of NFS in patients presenting to the Saint Mary's Sexual Assault Referral Centre (SARC), Manchester, UK for an acute forensic medical examination (FME) after a report of rape or sexual assault, (ii) explore the characteristics of patients reporting NFS compared to those who did not and (iii) explore the prevalence of various symptoms and signs associated with NFS.Data from case files of all patients attending in a three year period, January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2019, were analysed. There was not any age or gender related exclusion criteria. In the NFS cases the Saint Mary's SARC NFS pro-forma used as part of the contemporaneous medical notes was also reviewed.A total of 2196 adults (≥18 years old) attended Saint Mary's SARC for an acute FME during the three year study period. This comprised 1994 (90.7%) non-NFS cases and 204 (9.28%) NFS cases. The prevalence of NFS was 18.9% where the alleged perpetrator was a partner or ex-partner. For NFS cases, 96.6% (n = 197) of the patients were female and the alleged perpetrator was male in 98% (n = 200) of the NFS cases. 40% of the NFS cases had been strangled in their own homes and in 33% of cases children lived in that home. In 27% (n = 55) of the NFS cases the patient said that the alleged perpetrator had also strangled them on a previous occasion. 46.6% had an injury to the neck or above attributable to the NFS. 15.7% (n = 32) of the NFS cases reported loss of consciousness, 8.8% (n = 18) were incontinent of urine and 2% (n = 4) incontinent of faeces as a result of the NFS. Over a third of the patients (36.6%) thought that they were going to die during the NFS.The study shows that NFS in sexual assault is a gendered crime, with most victims female and most assailants male. NFS is prevalent and this prevalence increases where the alleged perpetrator is a partner or ex-partner. Many are assaulted in their own homes, homes frequently shared with children. Visible NFS injuries are not the norm yet fear of death is not uncommon. Over 1 in 6 (15.7%) reported loss of consciousness suggesting that they were victims of a near lethal assault. That 27% had previously been a victim of NFS by the same alleged perpetrator indicates that there are considerable numbers potentially living in fear and at risk. Awareness of the risk of NFS, and an enhanced response to it, is required by those looking after victims and all those in the criminal justice system.