Elevation of pentylenetetrazole‐induced seizure threshold in cholestatic mice: Interaction between opioid and cannabinoid systems

Abstract

Several studies have reported that endogenous opioid and cannabinoid systems may be involved in some pathophysiological changes occurring in cholestatic liver disease. It is well known that endogenous opioids and cannabinoids alter the susceptibility of experimental animals to different models of seizure. The alterations in pentylenetetrazole-induced clonic seizure thresholds were evaluated from 1 to 6 days after bile duct ligation in mice. Whether the pretreatment of cholestatic mice with different doses of opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone or cannabinoid CB(1) receptor antagonist AM251 (AM251) would have changed the clonic seizure threshold was also examined. Although the clonic seizure threshold was similar between sham-operated and unoperated mice, there was a time-dependent increase in the threshold in cholestatic mice, reaching a peak on day 3 after bile duct ligation and declining partially after day 4. Chronic pretreatment with naltrexone (2, 5, and 10 mg/kg) reversed the increased threshold in cholestatic mice on day 3 after operation in a dose-dependent manner with the highest doses used restoring the threshold to that of the control animals. A similar reversal of the increased threshold was observed after acute (0.5, 0.75, and 1 mg/kg) or chronic (0.5 mg/kg for 4 days) pretreatment with AM251. Moreover, concurrent administration of doses of AM251 and naltrexone that each separately induced a partial reversal of increased seizure threshold in cholestasis caused a complete restoring of the threshold to the control level. Both opioid and cannabinoid CB(1) receptors may be involved in the dramatic increase in pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure threshold in cholestasis.