Abstract
Elevated tropospheric ozone (O3) concentration may substantially influence the below-ground processes of terrestrial ecosystems. Nevertheless, a comprehensive and quantitative understanding of O3 impacts on soil CO2 emission remains elusive, making the future sources or sinks of soil C uncertain. In this study, 77 pairs of observations (i.e., elevated O3 concentration treatment versus control) extracted from 16 peer-reviewed studies were synthesized using meta-analysis. The results depicted that soil CO2 efflux was significantly reduced under short-term O3 exposure (≤1 year, p < 0.05), while it was increased under extended duration (>1 year, p < 0.05). Particularly, soil CO2 emission was stimulated in nonagricultural ecosystems, in the free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiment, and in the soils of lower pH. The effect sizes of soil CO2 efflux were significantly positively correlated with experimental duration and were significantly negatively correlated with soil pH, respectively. The ozone effect on soil CO2 efflux would be enhanced at warm temperatures and high precipitation. The duration of O3 exposure was the fundamental factor in analyzing O3 impacts on soil CO2 emission.
Highlights
Ozone (O3 ) in the troposphere is not just a greenhouse gas and an air pollutant that is prejudicial to human health and injures vegetation [1,2]
Understanding the effects of elevated [O3 ] on soil CO2 emission is of great importance for assessing future soil C source/sink status since soil plays an important role in the global
The present meta-analysis revealed that O3 exposure duration was an important factor that controlled the O3 effect on soil CO2 emission
Summary
Ozone (O3 ) in the troposphere is not just a greenhouse gas and an air pollutant that is prejudicial to human health and injures vegetation [1,2]. A few studies have reported increased CO2 efflux under elevated [O3 ] [13,14,15,16], but there are results to the contrary [11,17]. These inconsistencies could be attributed to the variations in ecosystem type [18], O3 exposure duration [19], fumigation facility [15], and the complexity of soil and climate conditions [20].
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