Abstract
BackgroundDyslipidemia contributes to the development of nephrolithiasis in adults; however its relationship to urolithiasis in children remains debatable, and will be clarified in the present work.MethodsA case–control study was performed involving 58 pediatric patients diagnosed with upper urinary tract stones as well as 351 controls. Age, gender, body mass index (BMI), serum calcium, serum uric acid, blood glucose, blood lipids, and compositions of stones were compared.ResultsAccording to the univariate analysis, uric acid was higher (P < 0.01) but serum calcium lower in the stone group than the control (P < 0.05). As for the blood lipids, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-c) was significantly higher in the stone group as compared to the control (P < 0.01), while total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol did not show statistical difference between the two groups. In the multivariate analysis, only non-HDL-c and serum uric acid were increased in the stone group (P = 0.003 and P = 0.008). In the stone compositions’ analysis, serum uric acid and non-HDL-c were associated with percentage of uric acid and pure calcium oxalate stones, respectively.ConclusionNon-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol may act as a lipid risk factor for urolithiasis in children.
Highlights
Dyslipidemia contributes to the development of nephrolithiasis in adults; its relationship to urolithiasis in children remains debatable, and will be clarified in the present work
The stone group consisted of 58 children who received surgery after an initial diagnosis of kidney or ureteral stones according to ultrasonography, X-ray, or CT examinations
Serum calcium and uric acid levels were higher in the stone group than the control (p = 0.003 and p = 0.002); there was no significant difference in body mass index (BMI) or blood glucose between the two groups
Summary
Dyslipidemia contributes to the development of nephrolithiasis in adults; its relationship to urolithiasis in children remains debatable, and will be clarified in the present work. The incidence of pediatric stones and the hospitalization rate are increasing yearly [1, 2]. Routh et al reported that the number of pediatric urolithiasis cases per 100,000 hospitalized patients was 18.4 in 1999 and 57.0 in 2008, with an 10.6% adjusted annual growth rate [3]. A 4% per year increase rate of pediatric kidney stones was documented in a 25-year population-based study [4]. In the present work, we examined the lipid profile of pediatric patients diagnosed with upper
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