Elevated glycosylated hemoglobin levels are associated with severe acute kidney injury following coronary artery bypass surgery

Abstract

BackgroundDiabetic patients are at increased risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) following surgery. The significance of uncontrolled diabetes on kidney function after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) remains controversial. Our aim was to study the association between pre-operative hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and severe cardiac surgery-associated AKI (CSA-AKI) following CABG. MethodsA single-center, retrospective cohort study including patients who underwent isolated CABG from 2010 to 2018 was performed. Patients were grouped into pre-operative HbA1c of <6.5 %, 6.5–8.5 %, and ≥8.5 %. Postoperative serum creatinine levels were queried for up to 30 days, and the 30-day risk of severe AKI was compared among groups. Multivariable logistic regression was used to study factors associated with severe CSA-AKI and the association of severe CSA-AKI with postoperative outcomes. Cox regression was used to study the association between severe CSA-AKI and all-cause mortality from the time of surgery to the last follow-up or death. ResultsA total of 2424 patients met the inclusion criteria. Patients were primarily male (70.5 %), with a median age of 64 years (IQR 57–71). Median bypass and cross-clamp times were 95 (IQR 78–116) and 78 min (IQR 63–95). Severe CSA-AKI occurred within 30 days in 5.7 %, 6.7 %, and 9.1 % of patients with pre-op HbA1c of <6.5 %, 6.5–8.5 %, and ≥8.5 %, respectively. After adjusting for covariates, HbA1c >8.5 %, was independently associated with severe CSA-AKI 30 days after CABG (aOR 1.59, 95%CI 1.06–2.40). In addition, severe CSA-AKI was associated with increased 30- (aOR 15.83,95%CI 7.94–31.56) and 90- day mortality (aOR 9.54, 95%CI 5.46–16.67), prolonged length of stay (aOR 3.46,95%CI 2.41–4.96) and unplanned 30-day readmission (aOR 2.64, 95%CI 1.77–3.94). Lastly, severe CSA-AKI was associated with increased all-cause mortality (aHR 3.19, 95%CI 2.43–4.17). ConclusionElevated preoperative HbA1c (≥8.5 %) was independently associated with an increased 30-day risk of severe CSA-AKI, which is a consistent predictor of adverse outcomes after CABG. Delaying surgery to achieve optimal glycemic control in an elective setting may be reasonable.