Elevated expression of macrophage MERTK exhibits profibrotic effects and results in defective regulation of efferocytosis function in pulmonary fibrosis

Abstract

Increased apoptosis of alveolar epithelial cells is a prominent feature of pulmonary fibrosis. Macrophage efferocytosis, phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages, is crucial for maintaining tissue homeostasis. Expression of Mer tyrosine kinase (MERTK, an important recognition receptor in efferocytosis) in macrophages is thought to be associated with fibrosis. However, how macrophage MERTK affects pulmonary fibrosis and whether it depends on efferocytosis are not yet clear. Here, we found elevated MERTK expression in lung macrophages from IPF patients and mice with bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. In vitro experiments showed that macrophages overexpressing MERTK exhibit profibrotic effects and that macrophage efferocytosis abrogates the profibrotic effect of MERTK by downregulating MERTK, forming a negative regulatory loop. In pulmonary fibrosis, this negative regulation is defective, and MERTK mainly exhibits profibrotic effects. Our study reveals a previously unsuspected profibrotic effect of elevated macrophage MERTK in pulmonary fibrosis and defective regulation of efferocytosis function as a result of that elevation, suggesting that targeting MERTK in macrophages may help to attenuate pulmonary fibrosis.