Elephant (Loxodonta africana) Disturbance to Riparian Woodland: Effects on Tree-Species Richness, Diversity and Functional Redundancy

Abstract

The substantial increase in elephant populations across many areas in southern Africa over past decades is prompting concerns about the effects on biodiversity. We investigated the outcomes of elephant disturbance on tree-species presence, density, and richness, and on alpha and beta diversity within riparian woodland in Chobe National Park, Botswana. We enumerated all tree species occurring in 32 plots (0.06 ha) along the Chobe riverfront. Plots were stratified by soil type (nutrient-rich alluvium vs. nutrient-poor Kalahari sand covering alluvium) and elephant impact (high vs. low impact on both soil types). We tested four predictions: elephants reduce tree density, richness, and alpha diversity; beta diversity is greater in vegetation subjected to high elephant impact; elephant impact on tree-species composition is greater on nutrient-poor than on nutrient-rich soil; and the loss or decline of abundant tree species on heavily disturbed sites is offset by an increase in abundance of functionally similar species, ones that are minor on lightly disturbed sites. Elephant browsing substantially affected tree-species composition, reducing density, species richness, evenness, and alpha diversity but had no effect on beta diversity. The dominant species on relatively undisturbed areas were partly replaced by functionally similar species on heavily disturbed sites. Soil type influenced species composition on lightly disturbed sites but was less important at higher elephant densities. Our findings are important for areas with extreme dry-season densities of elephants but should not be extrapolated to infer purported effects of elephants on tree diversity at lower densities.