Abstract
Simple SummaryCOVID-19 is a disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus spreading mainly through person-to-person contact. It has caused millions of deaths around the world and lasting health problems in individuals who have survived the disease. This review concisely summarizes certain issues related to COVID-19 with a focus on elements and gives an update on clinical trials where some minerals will be tested/have been tested alone or in combination with drugs, vitamins, or plant extracts/herbal formulations in COVID-19 patients and in those at higher COVID-19 risk.The current report provides a brief overview of the clinical features, hematological/biochemical abnormalities, biomarkers, and AI-related strategies in COVID-19; presents in a nutshell the pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapeutic options; and concisely summarizes the most important aspects related to sociodemographic and behavioral factors as well as comorbidities having an impact on this disease. It also gives a brief outline of the effect of selected elements on immune response and collects data on the levels of micro-/macro-elements and toxic metals in the blood/urine of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients and on supplementation with minerals in COVID-19 subjects. Moreover, this review provides an overview of clinical trials based on the use of minerals alone or in combination with other agents that can provide effective responses toward SARS-CoV-2 infection. The knowledge compiled in this report lays the groundwork for new therapeutic treatments and further research on biomarkers that should be as informative as possible about the patient’s condition and can provide more reliable information on COVID-19 course and prognosis. The collected results point to the need for clarification of the importance of mineral supplementation in COVID-19 and the relationships of the levels of some minerals with clinical improvement.
Highlights
IntroductionTacoronavirus (β‐CoV) of unknown origin called Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) broke out in Hubei province of China (Wuhan) and rapidly spread worldwide, leading to a global pandemic
In December 2019, a novel coronavirus disease—i.e., COVID‐19—caused by a be‐tacoronavirus (β‐CoV) of unknown origin called Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) broke out in Hubei province of China (Wuhan) and rapidly spread worldwide, leading to a global pandemic
We aimed to provide a brief overview of the available diagnostic tools for detection/monitor‐ ing of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and artificial intelligence (AI)‐related models helpful in COVID‐19 management (Section 2), clinical features of COVID‐19 (Section 3), laboratory abnormalities and biomarkers crucial in the monitoring of COVID‐19 patients (Section 4), therapeutic strategies for this illness (Section 5), some sociodemographic/behavioral fac‐ tors and certain comorbidities affecting COVID‐19 (Section 6), and some issues related to elements in COVID‐19 (Section 7 with Sections 7.1–7.3)
Summary
Tacoronavirus (β‐CoV) of unknown origin called Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) broke out in Hubei province of China (Wuhan) and rapidly spread worldwide, leading to a global pandemic. As COVID‐19 has an impact on everyone’s life, in the present review we tried to summarize certain issues related to the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic, focusing on elements in/for COVID‐19, in a form accessible to anyone interested in COVID‐19 in general. We aimed to provide a brief overview of the available diagnostic tools for detection/monitor‐ ing of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and artificial intelligence (AI)‐related models helpful in COVID‐19 management (Section 2), clinical features of COVID‐19 (Section 3), laboratory abnormalities and biomarkers crucial in the monitoring of COVID‐19 patients (Section 4), therapeutic strategies for this illness (Section 5), some sociodemographic/behavioral fac‐ tors and certain comorbidities affecting COVID‐19 (Section 6), and some issues related to elements in COVID‐19 (Section 7 with Sections 7.1–7.3). Sec‐ tion 8 consists of a summary and conclusions
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