Abstract
In the biology field an analytical problem is often raised by the very small volumes available for guantitative analysis. The usual chemical technigues can be adapted to the nanoliter scale but are specific for only one or two elements. In 1967, Ingram and Hogben (1) proposed using the electron microprobe to determine potassium and chlorine concentrations in 1 nl(10-91) samples air-dried on a quartz slide. In 1969 Morel and Roinel (2) described a freeze-drying lyophilization technique which avoids X-ray and electron absorption by producing tiny micron-size crystals. This allows measurement in tenth of a nanoliter volumes of 1 mM/1 concentrations of elements of biological interest, particularly Na, Cl, K, Ca, P, Mg and Fe. The samples (unknown and standard solutions) were deposited on a beryllium holder, quickly frozen and lyophilized. This method was applied to renal physiology by Morel et al. in 1969 (3).
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