Abstract
The main goal of present work is analytical characterization of standard dental implants broadly used by Brazilian dentists. An ideal biological alloy for dental implants must have very high biocompatibility, which means that such material should not provoke any serious adverse tissue response. Dental implants are generally marketed as commercially pure titanium (TiCP) due to their excellent mechanical and physical properties. However, sometimes other alloys are employed and consequently it is essential to study the chemical elements present in those alloys that could bring prejudice for the health. Present work investigated TiCP metal alloys used for dental implant manufacturing and evaluated the presence of elements. For alloy characterization and identification of elements it was used EDXRF technique. This method allows to perform the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the materials using the spectra of the characteristic X-rays emitted by the elements present in the metal samples. The experimental setup was based on two X- ray tubes, Mini X model with Ag and Au targets and X-123SDD detector (AMPTEK) and a 0.5 mm Cu collimator, developed due to specific sample geometrical and topography characteristics. Obtained results showed that implant alloys are not exactly TiCP but were manufactured using Ti-Al-V alloy, which contained Fe, Ni, Cu and Zn. The presence of such metals as Al and V in all studied samples shows very clear that studied implants were not manufactured from TiCP alloy. Moreover, according to the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), these elements should not be present in TiCP.
Highlights
The dental implant is a prosthetic device used to fill the space without the tooth and reestablish the patient's masticatory function
The dental implants elemental composition determined by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (EDXRF) analysis shows Ti-Al-V alloy with addition of Fe, Ni, Cu e Zn
The presence of elements Al and V in all samples supports the conclusion that studied dental implants were not manufactured from cpTi alloys
Summary
The dental implant is a prosthetic device used to fill the space without the tooth and reestablish the patient's masticatory function. The same has to occur with the material interaction with peri-implant tissue and even tissues distant from the site of implantation because toxic reactions are likely to occur according to the metal and its oxidation rate [6] This issue goes back to the classification of metallic alloys according to phase stabilizing elements such as Aluminum (Al), Vanadium (V), Nickel (Ni), Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Cobalt (Co), Zinc (Zn), among others [3]. Clinical trials show that no implantable material has been completely free to cause adverse reactions in the human body [5, 8] In this sense, several studies related to clinical experiences regarding toxicity potential have reported that, most metals can affect multiple organic systems by oxidation (liberation of ions). Implantable engineering analysis includes the design optimization, considerations related to the model, the type of biomaterial used in manufacturing and restrictions on materials that can be safely used [6]
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