Elementary Bifurcations of Non-Critical but Non-Hyperbolic Invariant Tori

Abstract

Consider the time-periodic perturbations of n-dimensional autonomous systems with nonhyperbolic but non-critical closed orbits in the phase space. The elementary bifurcations, such as the saddle-node, transcritical, pitchfork bifurcation to a non-hyperbolic but non-critical invariant torus of the unperturbed systems in the extended phase space (x, t), are studied. Some conditions which depend only on the original systems and can be used to determine the bifurcation structures of these problems are obtained. The theory is applied to two concrete examples.