Elemental Analysis of Environmental Waters by Solution Cathode Glow Discharge—Atomic Emission Spectrometry (SCGD-AES) with a Multifunctional Injection System

Abstract

A multifunction sample injection system combined with solution cathode glow discharge—atomic emission spectrometry (SCGD-AES) was developed based on several simple devices (six-way valve, peristaltic pump and medical injector). The equipment enables two analytical modes (continuous flow and flow injection), selected according to the sample. Moreover, the equipment can be operated at atmospheric pressure without any inert gas. Under the optimal experimental conditions (1150 V discharge voltage, 2.5 mm discharge gap, 2.32 mL min−1 flow rate and solution pH 1.0), ten elements (Na, K, Mg, Cu, Rb, Ag, Tl, Cd, Zn, and Mn) were determined using SCGD-AES in the continuous flow and flow injection modes. The detection limits for metals were from 0.1 to 264 µg L−1 (continuous flow mode) and 0.9 to 282 µg L−1 (flow injection mode). The relative standard deviations of the spectral intensities were below 2%. The instrumentation was successfully applied to the Yangtze River and reservoir water samples. The accuracy and viability were confirmed by comparison with inductively coupled plasma—atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) measurements.