Electro-thermal analysis of hybrid fluid through wavy divergent channel

Abstract

In the bio-medical domains, the transportation of physiological fluids within the human body like chyme movement in the gastrointestinal tract, bolus through the esophagus, blood circulation in the small vessels and heart chambers etc., where the channels are nonuniform in nature. Due to diverse applications of nonuniform channel, in the current mathematical analysis the peristaltic flow of hybrid fluid (containing particular nanoparticles) under an applied axial electric field through the nonuniform channel is presented. To observe hybrid fluid performance, a set of modified hybrid fluid that comprise nanoparticles of titanium dioxide, aluminum trioxide and copper with water as a base fluid is considered in the analysis. Taking into consideration the long wavelength and low Reynolds number assumptions. Poisson-Boltzmann equations are linearized by the Debye-Hückel approximation. Solutions for the axial velocity, average flow rate, pressure gradient, pumping phenomena, heat transfer phenomena and volumetric fraction are obtained analytically. The physical impacts of numerous embedded parameters on the above-mentioned features are argued through graphs which are plotted by Mathematica 11.0 Software. Additionally, the influence of porous medium and nonuniform nature of flow geometry are also discussed in detail. The study could be useful in medical as well as the industrial domains since the electro-osmotic phenomenon is observed throughout the human body where through the osmosis, the body absorbs the nutrients from the food and toxins are removed from the blood stream. Also the nanofluids are widely used in medicines for drug delivery. Also in industries, electro-osmosis has many applications in microchips, biophysics, microfluidics, gas and oil manufacture and separations through the membranes etc.