Abstract
A systematic approach to electrostatic membrane models is developed on the basis of biological evidence and surface chemical data. Applying the principles of electrostatics to chemical and physical models of bimolecular lipid membranes allows the evaluation of first-order electrical field effects in biological membranes. The usefulness of these first-order effects and application to a number of biological phenomena is considered. These effects are shown to be of importance in determination of the equation of state for bilayers, and in determination of the behaviour of macromolecules at distances up to 104A from the membrane.
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