Abstract
Abstract The various types of electrostatic lenses that are used to control beams of ions or electrons are briefly described, together with the computational techniques for evaluating their properties. Particular emphasis is placed on the calculation and minimization of the aberrations of these lenses. In computer-aided designs of lens systems it is convenient to have lens properties available in the form of numerical approximations, and the achievement of this is discussed. Special types of lens, such as the zoom lens, are also discussed.
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