Abstract
Nickel–cobalt–manganese oxides (NCMs) are widely investigated as cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) given their beneficial synergistic effects of high storability, electrical conductivity, and stability. However, their use as an anode for LIBs has not been adequately addressed. NCM nanofibers prepared using the multi-needle electrospinning technique are examined as the anode in LIBs. The NCM nanofibers demonstrated an initial discharge capacity of ∼1,075 mAh g−1 with an initial capacity loss of ∼42%. Through controlling the conductive additive content, the initial discharge capacity can be further improved to ∼1810 mAh g−1, mostly attributing to the improved interfiber connectivity supported by the significant lowering of impedance when the amount of conductive additive is increased. This study also reveals that the conventional ratio of 80:10:10 wt% (active materials:additives:binder) is not optimal for all samples, especially for the high active surface area electrospun nanofibers.
Highlights
Ever since its discovery in the beginning of 1980s, rechargeable lithium-ion battery (LIB) attracted tremendous attention as one of the crucial elements to the decarbonized energy sector for a sustainable society (Mizushima et al, 1980; Goodenough, 2018)
The nf-Nickel–cobalt–manganese oxides (NCMs) in this work was prepared via multi-needle electrospinning, followed by post-annealing for phase formation and to improve its crystallinity
Previous work has demonstrated that high temperature calcination (850–900°C) is required for maximum electrochemical performance for the lithium–nickel–cobalt–manganese oxide cathode (Kim 2012; Chen et al, 2021)
Summary
Ever since its discovery in the beginning of 1980s, rechargeable lithium-ion battery (LIB) attracted tremendous attention as one of the crucial elements to the decarbonized energy sector for a sustainable society (Mizushima et al, 1980; Goodenough, 2018). Similar observation can be made on binary, ternary, or even quaternary composite metal oxides, which are thoroughly reviewed in previous publications (Cao et al.2017; Fang et al.2020) Such synergistic behavior is widely adopted in the NCM cathode material with nickel and cobalt improving the capacity and electrical conductivity of the material, respectively, whereas manganese functions as the pillar to stabilize the crystal structure during the lithiation/ delithiation process (Musuvadhi Babulal et al.2021; Seenivasan et al.2021; Wu et al.2021). We synthesized nickel–manganese–cobalt oxide nanofibers (nfs-NCM) using the large-scale multi-needle electrospinning technique and studied its electrochemical performance as anodes for LIBs. Nanofiber morphology was chosen in this study, considering its anisotropic charge transport properties and higher surface area, which are the two crucial factors for achieving anode material with high specific capacity (Fan et al, 2017; Cong et al, 2021). The coin cells were subjected to five cycles of galvanostatic charged/discharged at 100 mA g−1 as the formation cycle using the potentiostat–galvanostat
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