Abstract
Wound healing requires careful, directed, and effective therapies to prevent infections and accelerate tissue regeneration. In light of these demands, active biomolecules with antibacterial properties and/or healing capacities have been functionalized onto nanostructured polymeric dressings and their synergistic effect examined. In this work, various antibiotics, nanoparticles, and natural extract-derived products that were used in association with electrospun nanocomposites containing cellulose, cellulose acetate and different types of nanocellulose (cellulose nanocrystals, cellulose nanofibrils, and bacterial cellulose) have been reviewed. Renewable, natural-origin compounds are gaining more relevance each day as potential alternatives to synthetic materials, since the former undesirable footprints in biomedicine, the environment, and the ecosystems are reaching concerning levels. Therefore, cellulose and its derivatives have been the object of numerous biomedical studies, in which their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and, most importantly, sustainability and abundance, have been determinant. A complete overview of the recently produced cellulose-containing nanofibrous meshes for wound healing applications was provided. Moreover, the current challenges that are faced by cellulose acetate- and nanocellulose-containing wound dressing formulations, processed by electrospinning, were also enumerated.
Highlights
Skin is the largest and outermost organ that covers the entire body, forming 8% of the body weight [1]
Pretreatment: (1) Groundnut shells (GNS) were cleaned by washing in dH2O, dried and milled; (2) powdered shells were submitted to soxhlet extraction for 8 h using benzene/methanol; (3) the dewaxed shells were bleached with sodium chlorite (NaClO2) to remove lignin at 70 ◦C for 2 h, and filtered; (4) the holocellulose obtained was treated with 1 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution at 65 ◦C for 2 h to remove hemicelluloses; (5) the extracted product was dried for 24 h at 100 ◦C; Isolation of cellulose nanocrystals: (1) a certain amount of cellulose was treated with sulfuric acid (H2SO4) for 75 min at 45 ◦C; (2) in the end the samples were washed
Single nozzle electrospinning; Synthesis of CNC: (1) high molecular weight cellulose was extracted from cotton waste; (2) cellulose was hydrolyzed in H2SO4; 1% w/w Tetracycline hydrochloride (TH) was dissolved in 90% acetic acid; 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.5, 4% CNCs were added to the TH solution and mixed with PCL; Fibers were produced using potential of 17 kV with a distance of 16 cm and a feed rate of 0.9 media volume (mL)/h
Summary
Skin is the largest and outermost organ that covers the entire body, forming 8% of the body weight [1]. Electrospinning allows for the production of CA-based nanomeshes with an intricate and complex architecture that can be functionalized with active biomolecules to address the specific demands of acute and chronic wounds via simple, reproducible and cost effective approaches [29,30,31]. The nanocellulose is another cellulose based material that has gathered much interest in the last few decades, for prospective biomedical field. The challenges in processing cellulose, cellulose acetate, and nanocellulose nancomposites via electrospinning were highlighted
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