Abstract
Electro-responsive poly(diphenylamine)(PDPA)/Fe3O4 composite particles were prepared by the synthesis of PDPA particles using a chemical oxidative polymerization technique followed by loading nano-sized Fe3O4 particles onto PDPA via a chemical co-precipitation process. The morphological image of the PDPA/Fe3O4 particles was characterized by scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. The crystalline structure was scrutinized by X-ray diffraction. The rheological characteristics of the suspension composed of PDPA/Fe3O4 particles suspended in silicone oil were investigated by a rotation rheometer, demonstrating standard electrorheological (ER) characteristics with a dramatic increase in shear stress and dynamic moduli under the application of an electrical field strength. The shear stress curves under an electrical field could be described using the Bingham model and the yield stress showed a power-law relationship with the electric field strength with an exponent of 1.5, following the conduction model. Furthermore, the frequency-dependent dielectric behaviors of the PDPA/Fe3O4 ER suspension was tested using an inductance (L)-capacitance (C)-resistance (R) (LCR) meter. The dielectric properties were well described using the Cole–Cole equation and were consistent with the results of the ER experiments.
Highlights
Electrorheological (ER) fluids belong to a class of “smart” materials, which are generally suspension systems consisted of semiconducting or polarizable particles suspended in a continuous phase medium, primarily for anhydrous insulating liquids, such as silicone oils, mineral oils, etc. [1]
Electro-responsive composite (PDPA/Fe3 O4 ) particles were fabricated by synthesizing PDPA using an oxidation polymerization method and loading nano-sized Fe3 O4 particles onto it using chemical co-precipitation
The morphology and crystal structure of the fabricated PDPA/Fe3 O4 was studied by sampleelectron holder microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD)
Summary
Electrorheological (ER) fluids belong to a class of “smart” materials, which are generally suspension systems consisted of semiconducting or polarizable particles suspended in a continuous phase medium, primarily for anhydrous insulating liquids, such as silicone oils, mineral oils, etc. [1]. Their rheological properties exhibit dramatic and rapid changes from a liquid-like to a solid-like phase upon the application of external electrical fields. Conductive polymers have drawn extensive attention owing to their processability, low specific Most of these polymers are conjugated systems, and the π-bonded electrons in the polymer chain density, flexibility, etc.potentials. Including PANI/laponite [31], poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/SiO2 (PEDOT/SiO2 ) [32], core–shell structured Fe3 O4 -polypyrrole (Fe3 O4 –PPy) [33], SiO2 /PPy [34], Fe2 O3 /PANI [35], TiO2 /PANI [36,37], and Fe3 O4 @PANI [38] These materials exhibit excellent ER properties and yield stresses of up to several hundred Pa under an electric field. The behaviors of the PDPA/Fe3 O4 composite particles were characterized and their ER properties when suspended in silicone were investigated
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