Abstract
Background: Electroencephalography may provide useful information about consciousness and cognitive processing in patients who have traumatic brain injury. Sleep disturbance after traumatic brain injury may impair cognitive function and affect rehabilitation. Methods: In 15 patients who had chronic diffuse axonal injury after traumatic brain injury, electroencephalography and neuropsychologic tests were performed. In 8 patients who had subacute and chronic diffuse axonal injury and 7 healthy control subjects, electroencephalography, magnetoencephalography, and neuropsychologic tests were performed to evaluate sleep spindles and cognitive function. Results: In the chronic stage of diffuse axonal injury, the mean peak frequency of alpha activity was significantly slower in patients who had abnormal than normal electroencephalography. The mean peak frequency of fast spindles, amplitude, and cortical activation source strength in precentral and postcentral regions were significantly slower in patients who had subacute diffuse axonal injury than healthy participants, and these parameters increased from the subacute to the chronic stage of diffuse axonal injury. After neurocognitive rehabilitation, cognitive functions were improved in all patients. Conclusion: Alpha activity reflects the severity of disturbed consciousness in the acute stage after traumatic brain injury. Spindles will be an indicator of the recovery of consciousness in the chronic stage. Electroencephalographic makers may be useful in the diagnosis and prognosis of traumatic brain injury.
Highlights
IntroductionMany problems may occur after traumatic brain injury (TBI), including somatic problems (headache, fatigue, sexual dysfunction, and sleep disturbance), cognitive dysfunction (impairment of memory, attention, and information processing capacity) [1], mood changes (depression, aggression, emotional liability, and anxiety), and post-traumatic personality changes (self-centered behavior, reduced social awareness, and disinhibited emotions resulting from frontal and temporal lobe damage) [2,3]
In patients who have traumatic brain injury (TBI), a diagnosis and treatment are essential for acute patient care and long-term rehabilitation.Many problems may occur after TBI, including somatic problems, cognitive dysfunction [1], mood changes, and post-traumatic personality changes [2,3].Electroencephalography (EEG) has been evaluated for the clinical assessment of consciousness to support the diagnosis and prognosis [4,5]
Electroencephalographic makers may be useful in the diagnosis and prognosis of traumatic brain injury
Summary
Many problems may occur after TBI, including somatic problems (headache, fatigue, sexual dysfunction, and sleep disturbance), cognitive dysfunction (impairment of memory, attention, and information processing capacity) [1], mood changes (depression, aggression, emotional liability, and anxiety), and post-traumatic personality changes (self-centered behavior, reduced social awareness, and disinhibited emotions resulting from frontal and temporal lobe damage) [2,3]. Electroencephalography (EEG) has been evaluated for the clinical assessment of consciousness to support the diagnosis and prognosis [4,5]. EEG can detect early seizure activity, and provide information about sleep patterns during polysomnography. Electroencephalography may provide useful information about consciousness and cognitive processing in patients who have traumatic brain injury. Sleep disturbance after traumatic brain injury may impair cognitive function and affect rehabilitation
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