Abstract
Despite their broad biomedical applications in orthopedics and dentistry, metallic implants are still associated with failures due to their lack of surface biofunctionality, leading to prosthesis-related microbial infections. In order to address this issue, the current study focuses on the fabrication and characterization of a novel type of antibacterial coating based on gallium (III)-chitosan (Ga (III)-CS) complex layers deposited on metallic substrates via electrophoretic deposition (EPD). Aiming for the production of homogeneous and monophasic coatings, a two step-procedure was applied: the first step involved the synthesis of the Ga (III)-CS complex, followed by EPD from suitable solutions in an acetic acid–aqueous solvent. The influence of Ga (III) concentration on the stability of the suspensions was evaluated in terms of zeta potential. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopic analyses indicated the chelation of CS with Ga (III) within the coatings, while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed that no additional metallic gallium deposited during EPD. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that the wettability, mechanical properties, swelling ability, and enzymatic degradation of the coatings were affected by the quantity of Ga (III) ions. Colony forming unit (CFU) tests showed a strong synergistic effect between CS and Ga (III) in inhibiting Escherichia coli strain growth compared to control CS samples. An in vitro study with MG-63 cells showed that Ga (III)-containing coatings were not toxic after 24 h of incubation.
Highlights
Metallic biomaterials are widely utilized in the fields of orthopedics, dentistry, and bone reconstruction to provide internal support to biological tissues, due to their load-bearing ability and excellent mechanical properties [1,2,3]
The positive charging predicted the deposition of the Ga (III)-CS complex on the negatively charged electrode, which is typical of electrodeposition of CS [31,45]
It is apparent that the addition of Ga (III) metal ions at 1:32, 1:16, and 1:8 concentrations gradually increased the hardness of the polymer coating
Summary
Metallic biomaterials are widely utilized in the fields of orthopedics, dentistry, and bone reconstruction to provide internal support to biological tissues, due to their load-bearing ability and excellent mechanical properties [1,2,3]. The long-term survivability of metallic devices is considerably restricted by their proneness to infections [4]. The rate of infection is increasing, meaning infections are becoming difficult to treat due to increasing resistance of bacteria to antibiotics. With the passage of time, new antibiotic resistance mechanisms are emerging [6]. It has been seen in prosthetic joint infection therapy that infections due to Gram-negative bacteria are more unfavorable than those caused by Coatings 2020, 10, 483; doi:10.3390/coatings10050483 www.mdpi.com/journal/coatings
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