Abstract
Reactive intermediates produced by functionalization reactions are generally electrophilic in nature. An electrophile is an electron acceptor, a cation, or a neutral compound, but not an anion. Reactive intermediates can interact with oxygen molecules to produce reactive oxygen species, including highly reactive cationic electrophiles and free radicals. Electrophilic reactive intermediates preferentially form covalent bonds with nucleophiles of cellular components, including cysteine, sulfhydryl, lysine, thiolate and histidine amino residues in proteins, guanine and adenine in DNA, and hydroxyl, carboxyl, and phosphate in lipids. The protection against the harmful effects of electrophilic reactive intermediates or metabolites is to minimize their presence in intracellular levels. The body develops defense systems that include detoxification enzymes, antioxidant enzymes, glutathione, and vitamins E and C and carotene.
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