Abstract
Electronic structures of interfaces, including electronically functional organic materials, were studied by UV photoemission spectroscopy (UPS) for the systems of zinc tetraphenylporphyrin (ZnTPP)-metals and merocyanine dyes-silver halides. At ZnTPP-metal interfaces, a constant lowering of vacuum level alignment of 0.7 eV was observed irrespective of the metal substrate, showing the formation of an interfacial electric dipole layer. The exposure to oxygen results in a drastic change of the interfacial electronic structure, which is ascribed to the change of the work function of the metals, rather than the doping of oxygen into ZnTPP. The estimated open circuit voltage of the Au ZnTPPA1 photovoltaic cell agreed with the observed value. For merocyanine dye-Ag halide interfaces, also a significant lowering of the vacuum level by dye deposition was observed. The interfacial electronic structures obtained by the combination of UPS and optical spectra showed excellent correspondence with the observed sensitizing behavior of dyes based on the electron transfer mechanism.
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