Abstract
Angle-resolved photoemission is a direct probe of the momentum-resolved electronic structure and proved influential in the study of bulk crystals with novel electronic properties. Thanks to recent technical advances, this technique can now be applied for the first time for the study of van der Waals heterostructures built by stacking two-dimensional crystals. In this article we will present the current state of the art in angle-resolved photoemission measurements on two-dimensional materials and review this still young field. We will focus in particular on devices similar to those used in transport and optics experiments, including the latest developments on magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene and on the in-operando characterization of gate tunable devices.
Highlights
The fabrication of single-layer graphene-based field effect devices in 2004 [1] started a new field of research on two-dimensional (2D) materials [2]
The same way graphene was isolated from graphite, 2D crystals have recently been obtained from a multitude of van der Waals materials and other layered crystals
Angle-resolved photoemission (ARPES) experiments record the kinetic energy and emission angle of photoelectrons emitted from a crystalline sample that is excited by light in the deep ultra-violet (DUV) to soft X-ray range of the spectrum
Summary
The fabrication of single-layer graphene-based field effect devices in 2004 [1] started a new field of research on two-dimensional (2D) materials [2]. The mechanical stacking of 2D materials further allows one to control the twist angle between layers This provides an additional degree of freedom with profound consequences on electronic properties, as exemplified by the recent discovery of superconductivity and correlated insulating states in magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene [23]. Angle-resolved photoemission (ARPES), the most direct probe of the electronic structure, has far had a limited impact on the rapidly evolving field of 2D materials. This is primarily because of the significant technical difficulty of such experiments, which the community only begins to master. ARPES is intrinsically a many-body spectroscopy and can reveal the interactions behind numerous collective phases and fundamental quantities such as the effective mass of interacting particles
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