Electronic structure and molecular spectroscopic constants of ScN and ScP investigated by several quantum chemistry methods

Abstract

The electronic structure of the ScN and ScP molecules is a subject of controversy and turns out to be a challenging problem in quantum chemistry. We show that the ground-state electronic structure for both molecules depends critically on the choice of methods used which incorporate different ways of accounting for electron correlation. A parallel ab initio, DFT and TD-DFT study is performed for this purpose and uses sufficiently flexible basis sets able to reproduce accurate electronic structures, as well as correct spectroscopic constants. In the ab initio methodology, results have been obtained with methods such as Hartree-Fock (HF), Møller-Plesset perturbation theory (MPn), direct configuration interaction (CI), quadratic configuration interaction (QC), coupled cluster configuration interaction (CC), complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF) and multireference configuration interaction (CIPSI) methods. In the DFT methodology, various ‘pure’ and ‘hybrid’ density functionals are used and the corresponding results are compared to sophisticated ab initio methods and to available experimental data. All the methods used show that the ground state of both molecules is 1Σ+, but two electronic structure natures, 1Σ+ open-shell or 1Σ+ closed-shell, are competitive and depend on the method employed. All the ab initio methods based on a single determinant wavefunction suffer seriously in predicting clearly the exact nature of the ground state or its correct structural and spectroscopic parameters. However, the ab initio methods based on a multiconfigurational wavefunction appear to be successful in describing correctly, within one shot, the electronic structure and the molecular spectroscopic constants. The ground state, particularly for the ScN molecule, presents an unusual electronic structure: the presence of degenerate determinants, quasidegeneracy with other states and one avoided crossing in the region around the equilibrium distances. The bonding of the ground state is a two open-shell 1Σ+ state described as a π double bond and a Σ dative bond; the real triple bond 1Σ+ state, i.e. closed-shell state, is found to lie higher in energy. The potential energy curves of the lowlying electronic states, the derived electronic structures and various molecular spectroscopic constants are presented and discussed for each method employed.