Electronic, Magnetic, and Optical Materials

Abstract

Introduction Classification of Materials Crystalline Materials Ceramics, Metals and Alloys, and Polymers Functional Classifi cation of Materials Crystal Structures Directions and Planes in Crystal Structures Interstitial Sites or Holes in Crystal Structures Coordination Numbers Radius Ratio Concept Crystal Structures of Different Materials Defects in Materials Point Defects in Ceramic Materials Kroger-Vink Notation for Point Defects Dislocations Stacking Faults and Grain Boundaries Microstructure-Property Relationships Amorphous Materials Nanostructured Materials Defects in Materials: Good News or Bad News? Electrical Conduction in Metals and Alloys Ohm's Law Sheet Resistance (Rs) Classical Theory of Electrical Conduction Drift, Mobility, and Conductivity Electronic and Ionic Conductors Limitations of the Classical Theory of Conductivity Resistivity of Metallic Materials Joule Heating or I2R Losses Dependence of Resistivity on Thickness Chemical Composition-Microstructure-Conductivity Relationships in Metals Resistivity of Metallic Alloys The Quantum Mechanical Approach to Conductivity Electrons in an Atom Electrons in a Solid Band Structure of Solids Concept of the Fermi Energy Level Fundamentals of Semiconductor Materials Intrinsic Semiconductors Temperature Dependence of Carrier Concentrations Band Structure of Semiconductors Direct- and Indirect-Bandgap Semiconductors Applications of Direct-Bandgap Materials Motions of Electrons and Holes Extrinsic Semiconductors Donor-Doped (n-Type) Semiconductors Acceptor-Doped (p-Type) Semiconductors Amphoteric Dopants, Compensation, and Isoelectronic Dopants Dopant Ionization Conductivity of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Semiconductors Effect of Temperature on the Mobility of Carriers The Effect of Dopant Concentration on Mobility Temperature Dependence of Conductivity Effect of Partial Dopant Ionization Effect of Temperature on the Bandgap The Effect of Dopant Concentration on the Bandgap (Eg) The Effect of Crystallite Size on the Bandgap Quantum Dots Semiconductivity in Ceramic Materials Fermi Energy Levels in Semiconductors Fermi Energy Levels in Metals Fermi Energy Levels in Semiconductors Electron and Hole Concentrations Fermi Energy Levels in Intrinsic Semiconductors Carrier Concentrations in Intrinsic Semiconductors Fermi Energy Levels in n-Type and p-Type Semiconductors Fermi Energy as a Function of the Temperature Fermi Energy Positions and the Fermi-Dirac Distribution Degenerate or Heavily-Doped Semiconductors Fermi Energy Levels across Materials and Interfaces Semiconductor p-n Junctions Formation of a p-n Junction Drift and Diffusion of Carriers Constructing the Band Diagram for a p-n Junction Calculation of Contact Potential Space Charge at the p-n Junction Electric Field Variation across the Depletion Region Variation of Electric Potential Width of the Depletion Region and Penetration Depths Reverse-Biased p-n Junction Diffusion Currents in a Forward-Biased p-n Junction Drift Currents in a p-n Junction Diode Based on a p-n Junction Reverse-Bias Breakdown Zener Diodes Semiconductor Devices Metal-Semiconductor Contacts Schottky Contacts Ohmic Contacts Solar Cells Light-Emitting Diodes Bipolar Junction Transistor Field-Effect Transistors Types of Field-Effect Transistors MESFET I-V Characteristics Metal Insulator Field-Effect Transistors Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors Linear Dielectric Materials Dielectric Materials Capacitance and Dielectric Constant Dielectric Polarization Local Electric Field (Elocal) Polarization Mechanisms-Overview Electronic or Optical Polarization Ionic, Atomic, or Vibrational Polarization Shannon's Polarizability Approach for Predicting Dielectric Constants Dipolar or Orientational Polarization Interfacial, Space Charge, or Maxwell-Wagner Polarization Spontaneous or Ferroelectric Polarization Dependence of the Dielectric Constant on Frequency Complex Dielectric Constant and Dielectric Losses Equivalent Circuit of a Real Dielectric Impedance (Z) and Admittance (Y) Power Loss in a Real Dielectric Material Equivalent Series Resistance and Equivalent Series Capacitance Ferroelectrics, Piezoelectrics, and Pyroelectrics Ferroelectric Materials Relationship of Ferroelectrics and Piezoelectrics to Crystal Symmetry Electrostriction Ferroelectric Hysteresis Loop Piezoelectricity Direct and Converse Piezoelectric Effects Piezoelectric Behavior of Ferroelectrics Piezoelectric Coefficients Tensor Nature of Piezoelectric Coefficients Relationship between Piezoelectric Coefficients Applications of Piezoelectrics Devices Based on Piezoelectrics Technologically Important Piezoelectrics Lead Zirconium Titanate Applications and Properties of Hard and Soft Lead Zirconium Titanate Ceramics Electromechanical Coupling Coefficient Illustration of an Application: Piezoelectric Igniter Recent Developments Piezoelectric Composites Pyroelectric Materials and Devices Magnetic Materials Origin of Magnetism Magnetization (M), Flux Density (B), Magnetic Susceptibility (chim), Permeability (mu), and Relative Magnetic Permeability (mur) Classification of Magnetic Materials Ferromagnetic and Ferrimagnetic Materials Other Properties of Magnetic Materials Magnetostriction Soft and Hard Magnetic Materials Hard Magnetic Materials Isotropic, Textured (Oriented), and Bonded Magnets Soft Magnetic Materials Magnetic Data-Storage Materials Index