Abstract
The metabolic syndrome is a combination of several metabolic disorders, such as cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, and type 2 diabetes. Lifestyle modifications, including quitting smoking, are recommended to reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome and its associated complications. Not much research has been conducted in the field of e-cigarettes and the risk of metabolic syndrome. Furthermore, taking into account the influence of e-cigarettes vaping on the individual components of metabolic syndrome, i.e, abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and elevated arterial blood pressure, the results are also ambiguous. This article is a review and summary of existing reports on the impact of e-cigarettes on the development of metabolic syndrome as well as its individual components. A critical review for English language articles published until 30 June 2020 was made, using a PubMed (including MEDLINE), Cochrane, CINAHL Plus, and Web of Science data. The current research indicated that e-cigarettes use does not affect the development of insulin resistance, but could influence the level of glucose and pre-diabetic state development. The lipid of profile an increase in the TG level was reported, while the influence on the level of concentration of total cholesterol, LDL fraction, and HDL fraction differed. In most cases, e-cigarettes use increased the risk of developing abdominal obesity or higher arterial blood pressure. Further research is required to provide more evidence on this topic.
Highlights
In the European Union, around 700 thousand people die prematurely each year from the consequences of smoking tobacco [1]
This study looked at risk factors for myocardial infarction, the relationship between e-cigarette smoking and increased cholesterol level, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes may be important for the risk of developing Metabolic syndrome (MetS) [61]
The authors point to the fact that an increase in Body Mass Index (BMI) in the group of smokers can be related to the frequency of smoking and alcohol consumption as well as the lack of physical activity [66,67,68]
Summary
In the European Union, around 700 thousand people die prematurely each year from the consequences of smoking tobacco [1]. It is an important task of health policy to prevent people from taking up smoking and to encourage smokers to quit. Research so far has not provided a clear answer to these questions, experts believe that the negative effects of e-cigarettes use can only become apparent after many years. E-cigarettes were not subject to legal regulations, which resulted in significant inconsistencies in their composition (concentration of nicotine, tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs), other toxic and carcinogenic substances specific for tobacco) [6,7,8]. Many other ingredients and supplements (such as vitamin E) that appear in e-cigarettes and their influence on human health
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