Abstract
Electron spin resonance (ESR) studies of the Pb 0.88Eu 0.08 Ti 1− y Mn y O 3 ( y=0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3); PbTi 0.98Mn 0.02O 3 and PbTiO 3 ferroelectric ceramics are reported. The conversion of Mn 4+ to Mn 2+ in the Pb 0.88Eu 0.08Ti 1− y Mn y O 3 ceramics compositions have been clearly demonstrated. The presence of the Eu cation is necessary for such conversion to take place and it does not take place in the PbTi 0.98Mn 0.02O 3 ceramic. Analysis of its ESR spectra indicates that Mn 4+ substitution occurs at the Ti 4+ at two different ESR-distinguishable locations. Both factors, namely the Mn 4+→Mn 2+ conversion and the Eu 3+ presence are responsible for the large microstrain and the deterioration of crystallinity observed in this ceramics, which seemed to play a crucial role for reading large piezoelectric anisotropy in the system.
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