Abstract
Corrosion scales formed by oxidation and sulfidation of metals at high temperature have long been the traditional preserve of metallurgists and electrochemists armed with light-optical metallography and gravimetry. It has been only recently that electron microscopical techniques have made a substantial impact on the understanding of scale microstructure and morphological development and on knowledge of extended defect structure accommodating the nonstoichiometry imposed by activity gradients sustained across scales. An important advance was the perfection of techniques for consistently producing transverse sections across scale and substrate (Fig. 1) which reliably preserve both scale/substrate and substrate/gas interfaces.This contribution focuses on several intriguing microstructural features of the ‘simple’ scales NiO, FeO and FeS formed on pure metal substrates, in which the predominant form of mass transport is outward diffusion of metal via inward diffusion of cation vacancies, so that new scale is formed at the scale/gas interface.
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