Electron Microscopy in Heterogeneous Catalysis

Abstract

Preface and Acknowledgements AN INTRODUCTION TO HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS AND CATALYST STRUCTURES Science and technology of catalysis Fundamental principles of catalysis: some basic definitions Electronic configurations and quantum theory Chemical bonding Thermodynamic definitions relevant to catalysis and the role of electron microscopy Structure and chemistry of carbons and hydrocarbons Catalysis and band theory Some important structures of solid catalysts Carbons as supports in catalysis and new forms of carbons with atomic scale building blocks Oxides and nonstoichiometry in catalysis and the unique role of electron microscopy Catalysis by oxides Extended defects and crystallographic shear ELECTRON MICROSCOPY AND DIFFRACTION IN HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS Background Imaging in the TEM Surface profiling in HRTEM Chemical composition analysis of catalysts in the EM Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) Convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED) The development of in situ environmental TM (ETEM) under controlled reaction environments to probe catalysis at the atomic level Novel wet-ETEM development for nanoscale studies of liquid-catalyst reactions at operating temperatures Scanning EM (SEM), cathodoluminescence in catalysis and environmental SEM (ESEM) Scanning transmission EM (STEM)-recent advances Image processing Other developments Parallel chemical studies and correlations with the catalyst microstructure ELECTRON MICROSCOPY STUDIES OF CATALYSIS BY OXIDES Single and mixed metal oxide systems: Redox pathways and anion deficiency Single metal oxide catalysts: MoO3 In situ direct observations of surface defect structures in catalysts under controlled reducing environments and methods for defect analysis Shear domains and crystallographic shear (CS) planes in catalytic reduction Electron microscopy and defect thermodynamics: a new understanding of oxidation catalysis The role of defects in catalytic reactions Multi-component (practical) oxide catalysts Iron molybdates in methanol oxidation reactions Vanadium phosphate (V-P-O) catalysts for butane oxidation technology: the elucidation of active sites by in situ electron microscopy Examples of other mixed metal oxide systems Electronic structure of crystallites and dopant distributions by cathodoluminescence electron microscopy Zirconia (ZrO2)-based solid-acid catalysts and ceria (CeO2) systems The key role of electron microscopy in the discovery of novel reaction mechanisms in selective oxidation catalysis Stable silica-based ceramic oxide supports for catalysts: some recent developments CATALYSIS BY ZEOLITES AND MOLECULAR SIEVES Structures, acidity, and uses of zeolites Silicalites and aluminophosphates Determining three-dimensional structures by ED and HRTEM: MALPO solid acid catalysts CATALYSIS BY SUPPORTED METAL PARTICLES Recent developments Facile versus structure-sensitive reactions Preparation and characterization of model and practical metallic catalysts Catalytic mechanisms on supported metals Experimental studies by electron microscopy Small particles in HRTEM Experimental and theoretical developments in small metal particle catalysis using electron microscopy Structure of small metal particles EM studies of chemical interactions at metal-support interfaces Metal-support interactions In situ ETEM studies of metal-irreducible ceramic support interactions Methanol synthesis and oxidation reactions Monometallic nanocatalyst systems: copper nanocatalysts supported on silica (Cu/SiO2) Bimetallic or alloy systems: atomic structure and composition Fischer-Tropsch and Ziegler Nutta catalysis ENVIRONMENTAL CATALYSIS AND CATALYST DESIGN Perovskite-based catalysts for environmental pollution control: the role of electron microscopy High temperature superconducting cuprates (HTSC) as catalysts Hydrodesulfurization (HDS) catalysis Nanocatalysts in emission control, steam reforming, photocatalysis, and fuel cell catalysis Nanocatalysts for alternatives to chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) Concluding remarks References Index